2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Judea, Galilee, and their environs, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. The book draws a sharp contrast between Jews and Gentiles, similar to the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. 1:9 And after his death they all put crowns upon themselves; so did their sons after them many years: and evils were multiplied in the earth. It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. [63], The Jewish historian Josephus of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees. George Leo Haydock. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. The Writer gives his final summary. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the If you like what I write, become my partner by donating. The Greeks recognize him as high priest, but like Judas, he finds himself caught between competing Greek kings who are engaged in their own civil war for control of the Seleucid Empire. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. 4:59). Finally, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" there, apparently either a pagan idol or a bust of himself. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. That is, a gymnasium. many in Israel were fully resolved. each should forsake his own laws. VERSE 21. and entered presumptuously into the sanctuary, and took the golden altar, and the candlestick of the light, and all that pertained thereto. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . The two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events (in part identical) that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. [14][15] Various reconstructions have been proposed: Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans". John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. When Mattathias died (c. 166 bc), his son Judas Maccabaeus recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple, an event celebrated in the holiday Hanukkah. While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. Modin. And wherever was found with any a book of the covenant, and if any consented to the law, the kings sentence delivered him to death. 1 Maccabees covers the period of 175 BCE to 134 BCE. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Prefixed to the book are two "festive" letters (1.1 - 10a and1.10b - 2.19), sent from the Jews in Jerusalem to the Jews in Egypt. He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. The origin of the word "maccabee" is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas' physical strength and exploits. And the saying was good in their eyes. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The second book is not a sequel to 1 Maccabees; it partially covers the same history (176 - 160 b.c.). The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . The origin of 2 Maccabees is debated. There is a faithful remnant. [This chapter is in Orthodox and Catholic Bibles] Alexander the Great. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. VERSE 2. VERSE 23. VERSE 1. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. On the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate; and even to the full end, and that determined, wrath will be poured out on the desolate. [19], The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. The Book of 1 Maccabees CPDV summary. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. 1 Maccabees 1:54. Corrections? VERSE 31. There are seven poetic sections in the book that imitate the style of classical Hebrew poetry: four laments (1:2528, 3640; 2:713; 3:45), and three hymns of praise of our fathers (2:5164), of Judas (3:39), and of Simon (14:415). VERSE 37. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. From this it follows that, for the just man, supreme glory consists in being ready to give ones life, if necessary, to defend Gods intereststhe Law, which every Jew must strictly obey. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) CHAPTER 1. Unsure of the meaning of a word or phrase in the Bible? And they put there a sinful nation, transgressors of the law, and they strengthened themselves therein. Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. [41] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3, The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah, "The date of the first Book of Maccabees", "MACCABEES, THE - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,", "1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees", Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III, The First Book of Machabees Liber I Machaborum, Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1141777926, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3:1 to 9:22, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, 9:23 to 12:53, under the leadership of Jonathan, Chapters 1316, under the leadership of Simon. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. And he took the silver and the gold and the precious vessels; and he took the hidden treasures which he found. That is, each nation should abandon its religious customs. Simon, who was called Thassi; First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. And they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary, and defiled the sanctuary. [note 2] All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general Pompey conquering Jerusalem and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. VERSE 25. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. VERSE 29. That is, they covered over their circumcision. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. The Books of the Maccabees, Maccabees also spelled Machabees, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. Rabbinic Judaism generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm for the book within later Judaism. Though initially hailed as liberators, the Selucid family wasted no time in leaving their mark upon Judea. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. When Mattathias died, the revolt was led by his son Judas, or Judah Maccabee, as he is often called. Purpose of The Book of 1 Maccabees: The purpose in writing 1 Maccabees Book is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62) - especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. Another is that, while they were included by the Jews of Alexandria in the Septuagint, they may not have gained much popularity in Jerusalem. Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. Bible Society, Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG. Other texts lay stress on the intercession of the saints and the value of prayers for the dead (12:43-46), which are the basis of the dogma of the communion of saints. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. his heart was lifted up. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. Look out for what you might learn about the Judaism of the period from the story. VERSE 45. and should forbid whole burnt offerings and sacrifice and drink offerings in the sanctuary; and should profane the Sabbaths and feasts. And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. An unknown editor, the Epitomist, used the factual notes of a historian, Jason of Cyrene, to write this historical polemic. It is not known whether Josephus's copy of 1 Maccabees was missing the final three chapters, or he simply found a better source for that era of history. VERSE 59. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. he spoke words in subtlety. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. He reports the calamities the Jewish people experience on account of their sins, while also stressing the role played by God in his providence, who watches over them as he promised he would (cf. That is, about 168 BC. VERSE 58. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and slaughtered the kings of the earth. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. Chapter 2. 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the seven martyred brothers (2 Macc.7). II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. The author is unknown. Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.[9]. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. In an effort to enforce unity, he attempts to suppress the public observance of Jewish religious laws. He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. [20] The book is not written in colloquial "common" Koine Greek of the 2nd century BC, but rather a more archaic style of Greek consciously imitative of the style of older scriptures. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. A Greek version of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 ( see 2Mc 10:18 ) is the of! Sacrificed to the idols, and they put there a sinful nation, transgressors the! 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