raymond peoples detroit

There was the inner circle, which consisted mostly of the founders of YBI and their lieutenants. Overall, YBI functioned similar to any large corporation we see today with the exceptions that the product that they sold is an illegal substance and that there was violent retaliation for any movement against the gang. And culture is a space where folks of color, Black folks, have really loudly resisted all of these efforts to silence, to make less human, to make less complex. That was like, if you went down, but if you went up, you went like flying, almost like running in air in place. They turned to peddling cocaine and crack. It looks like a caf. However, not all life with Young Boys was about the money and successes from dope dealing. The presence or absence of records for any individual is not a guarantee of any kind. For much of it, he wasnt the worst quarterback. Officers repeatedly and randomly abused inmates, hidden from the public eye. And we would be in there until the cops came. Because of how YBI redefined what gangs were, any child or adult could be dangerous because of his or her possible involvement in a gang. Close Book Now . Their victory does not overshadow the prolonged impact on the young mens psyches, families, or the financial burden of the trial. Frederick Dunson: We were open to six, seven, eight, nine, and then some days, maybe midnight the following night because there were marathon parties. Hes like another Jacoby Brissetta guy that is somehow going to start like eight games a year. Within a month of the Livernois 5s arrival at the WCJ, four African American men had died in police custody. Passed in 1973, the 650 lifer law for drug posession was one of the toughest measures taken on crime that nation had ever seen. In 1982, leaders Raymond Peoples, Jones and 41 "lieutenants" were indicted. However, angry crowds and violence reappeared the following night using a car as a battering ram, the crowd stormed and ransacked Bolton's Bar. August1979. In the words of an angry citizen, Although Chinarian shot an eighteen year old to death he was never charged with first degree murder. Furthermore, Jimmy Bates originally agreed to testify and identify Peoples, Jordan, and Henderson assaulting Psyzko. Raymond has been found in 20 states including Missouri, California, Ohio, Colorado, Pennsylvania, and 15 others. You had to remember, the Warehouse was an after hours private club, so you had to know somebody to get an invite in or to even attend. Knuckles helped innovate the genre by blending disco, funk and German electronic pop, playing obscure records, sound effects and drum machines. They innovated and catalyzed this genre into being and, again, it is telling a similar story just through what became popular culture, you know, social culture in that moment of kind of Black resistance. For the upwardly mobile black community, successfully electing black people to positions of power marked a huge success for the civil rights struggle of the decades prior. Several black politicians were there, addressing the black community and demanding that they leave the streets. From Soulful to Afro to Disco it's all house music birthed from the City of Chicago that now influences music across the globe.". Especially since it looks like DAndre Swift might not be the long-term answer due to his issues staying healthy. Friday, August 1, 1975. The work was more or less over and they felt comfortable following the systems channels of voting and complaint filing to see their needs met. Spokeo's database, while extensive, does not contain all U.S. warrant, arrest, court, or other related records. Burnstein, S. The Gangester Report. Raymond Lee Peoples 1953 - 2015 Open Full Navigation Send Flowers Life Story/Notice Family Log-In Click Here Subscribe to Updates Click Here James H. Cole Home for Funerals - Main Chapel 2624 W. Grand Blvd. hide caption. Over the course of the three days, two people were killed 18-year-old Obie Wynn, and an older gentleman Marian Pyszko. Livernois Five Defense Committee, Free the Livernois Five! n.d. [early 1976], and Press Release, April 8, 1976, Folder: Civil Liberties - Blacks - Michigan - Detroit Livernois Five, Subject Vertical Files, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, Special Collections Library, University of Michigan. Be the first to share your favorite memory, photo or story of Raymond. They do because it is that type of energy, like nonstop. Good Communication. While the laws werechanged significiantly over the 20 year period but accroding to the National Drug Strategy Network, it was still "one of the harshest drug laws in the U.S" with penalties exceeding that of second degree murder. Some of the teenagers who were sneaking into the Warehouse and listening to house music on local radio shows were bringing house music to the places they could party without needing to sneak in. The majority of the information synthesized on this page is from newspaper research. By the mid-1990s the house music from Chicago and other American cities had morphed into electronic dance music styles like acid house, trance and drum and bass. Its got a name on it that says Caf Sonshine but it does not operate, Assistant U.S. Attorney Kenneth Chadwell said. Federal law enforcement in a hearing with members of Congress discussed the success of this tactic, "Because most of the members of the organization were minors, efforts to penetrate and disband the group met with little success," (55, Organized Crime - Federal Law Enforcement Hearing). As previously stated, the initial arrest included a sixth young man, Dennis Lindsay but he was promptly released. For the Black working class, identity politics do not suffice. Theres a chance that DJ Chark doesnt come back with the Lions in 2023. Copyright 1995-2023 eBay Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hes right, though. $65.00 + $15.60 shipping. Cuz it was their release. [7][incomplete short citation] Another key factor was Mayor Young getting every black policeman in the city to police the riot, further defusing the situation. Given the continued history of police brutality, police may not have been any less violent. some pretty names that the Detroit Lions should avoid in free agency, Notes: Dan Campbell is the current favorite for 2023 Coach of the Year, Detroit Lions rank 15th in player-voted NFLPA report card, Detroit Lions adopting villain mentality for 2023. Find 22 people named Raymond Peoples along with free Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok profiles on PeekYou - true people search. The "wrecking crew" managed by Jones was the enforcement of the gang. (313) 790-.css-1y2reja{color:transparent;position:relative;z-index:12;text-shadow:0.1rem 0.1rem 0.6rem #089FE4;}RYQU. YBI wanted to break out and get their drugs from a different source. Some other members of the organization were later busted again, as well. Hes probably the one of the best, if not the best running back in the game right now. Last month, when Beyonc became the winningest musician in the history of the Grammys, the prize that put her over the top was in the category of best electronic/dance album. Detroit Free Press, Copyrightdocument.write(new Date().getFullYear());Deadline Detroit, Inc. - All Rights Reserved, Starkman: Why Tree Huggers Must Save This Small Town in Michigan From Ford, 'Detroit In Black And White:' Why We Got Kicked Off 910 AM, Randy Wimbley Leaving Fox 2 After a Decade on the Air. Dorris, who shared a cell with Lindsay and Jordan after the mass arrests, received immunity for pending car theft and concealed weapon charges in exchange for identifying the defendants. [2] According to some accounts, Wynn was fleeing; according to others, he was approaching Chinarian with what the latter thought was a weapon, it later emerged that Wynn was holding a screwdriver. This rise of vigilante justice may stem from Coleman Youngs push for a people's police force. In a context that encourages community involvement in policing, citizens are emboldened to take law enforcement into their own hands as untrained officers but armed all the same. Their idea: get younger kids, who could not be prosecuted in the same way as adults, to deal the drugs. YBI wanted to break out and get their drugs from a different source. 10 injuries. Frederick Dunson: It gave you the strength to carry on, you know, to make it from week to [week]. When you're one with house music, it's all about that beat and the release and the spirit of music moving through you and all of the things that separate us kind of fade away underneath the boom, boom, boom, boom. Ultimately, Butch Jones, the most militant out of the four, became the de facto leader of the entire gang after getting out of prison. The Torch accredits much of the trials eventual success to the Defense Committees persistent efforts. The Livernois Five were being pinned for murder without substantial witnesses. Gambling problem? This infuriated the community. Young black men were automatically associatedwith being gang members("The 'New' Gang"). [3] Crowds gathered and random acts of vandalism, assault looting and racial fighting along Livernois and Fenkell avenues ensued. Specialties: Automotive technical training, towing & recovery training, automotive expert witness. The issue is that hes going to be 33 when he reports to training camp. Current Address: TCDK E Jefferson Ave, Detroit, MI. A mistrial was declared and the prosecution declared its intention to seek another trial which was fought by the defense. Lady D: You know, beyond the Warehouse, house was everywhere, right? Excerpts from activist William Gilbreth's memoir, documenting the Livernois scene. Peterson has been somehow linked to the Lions since he got drafted in 2011. That said, the Lions dont need to be the team that has the highest-paid running back on their team right now, especially when the draft is chock full of running back talent. The attempt to celebrate the community and Mayor Young is in part a reluctance to give up on the idealized vision that Young represents. Uncover Raymond's photos, videos, and more , Personal details for Raymond may include . YBI represented a change in gang structures all across the country. Jones was released after serving 12 years in federal prison, but was busted again for murder and drug charges. 888-749-5280; 1300-680-374; Special Offers; Request Brochures; Why AQV; Contact Us; Request Info; Find a . Gimlet Inc. Crimetown, Episode 5, "YBI to the day I die.". By 1986, the Detroit Police Department, DEA, FBI, and the Internal Revenue Service was congratulating themselves . By the early 2010s the electronic dance music genre had grown from its roots in these tight-knit, marginalized communities in Chicago to become a massive industry, generating billions of dollars. 1982. What: Buffet fish fry includes baked tilapia, fried pollack, crab cakes, macaroni and cheese, coleslaw, vegetables, baked potatoes, French fries, rolls . The law resulted in lifetime prison sentences, at times with no opportunity for parole, As of 1998, more than 220 individuals were serving life sentences in prison under this legislation. Starting in the 1970s and going in the early 1980s, a prolific heroin organization known as Young Boys Inc., or YBI, rose to power in the streets of Detroit, using underage kids as carriers. There were two belief systems at work, divided largely along class lines. Many other organizations began cropping up as YBI gained headlines for the amount of money that they were making. And the high schools were populating those places. Search for birth, death, marriage, divorce, US Census, and military records. The violence by protesters remained contained to the Livernois-Fenkell area. They claimed that their rise to elected positions of power meant protests were no longer necessary. Most teenagers involved in the gang could not just leave unless they left town, and the wrecking crew made sure that this message was clear to everyone working for Young Boys. Raymond Peoples in Detroit, MI Raymond Peoples may also have lived outside of Detroit, such as Eastpointe, Pontiac and 2 other cities in Michigan. Butch Jones had the idea to get their heroin and drugs from elsewhere because they did not want to be reliant on LCN. The young men were acquitted, their charges dropped, and they were free. Riots; Detroit; Livernois-Fenkell Area, July 29, 1975, The Virtual Motor City, Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. I get it. Fifty-three people were arrested, and ten injuries were recorded (including one firefighter and one police officer). While representation in positions of power is a crucial step, systemic racism and capitalism continued to be an oppressive force. tk The map of YBI properties shows the expansive reach of theorganization across Detroit. Add a bio, trivia, and more. Newspapers.com makes these newspapers available for the purpose of historical research, and is not responsible for the content of any newspapers archived at our site. Dorris later testified that he was afraid of receiving a 10 year sentence if he failed to participate in the collusion. So when we decided to tell the story of its history, we knew we needed to go to some of the people who were there when it started, some of the musicians and DJs and dancers who filled little Chicago clubs and basements decades before house music's influence took off in Europe, before it caught the ear of major labels, before it drew millions to festivals, before it made it onto the world's biggest stages, including the one where Beyonc accepted her record-breaking Grammy. He deserves a lot of credit for what the Giants were able to do on offense last year. He spoke out against the bond as being set too low as he tried to convince the angry citizens that he heard them, and was on their side. The Livernois-Fenkell riot was a racially motivated riot in the summer of 1975 on Livernois Avenue at Chalfonte Avenue, just south of Fenkell Avenue . But the story of house's roots is one about finding joy and making community even when that feels impossible. The issue is that running back just dont have the same value as they once did, and they tend to fall off a cliff in their production following their rookie deal. The structural and hierarchical structure of the Young Boys Inc. Young Boys was an extremely well-organized gang. The image of equality and peace was enough for most upper-middle class black communities while the working and lower class communities continued to suffer and saw little of Mayor Youngs promised improvements. Mainstream media regarded officers as heroes. Since then, one of your heroes, Raymond Peoples, has been gunned down, not Dancers in Chicago For the people who were there when it was invented in small clubs and basement parties in Chicago in the 1980s, house music was a force of nature. Free shipping for many products! Milton "Butch" Jones (PART 1) Leader of Y.B.I. The Lions general manager discussed how Detroit could address the backup quarterback position and how to be mindful of talent when it presents itself in the draft. Barkley is really good. Youngs mayoral position serves as a culmination of a long battle for civil rights and administrative representation that marked the decades prior. Read more: Refine Your Search Results Sort by RelevanceSort by Age (Ascending)Sort by Age (Descending) All Filters 2 Raymond Reginald Peoples, 33 Resides in Detroit, MI Lived InBeaumont TX, Austin TX A is related to Jamie Smiley and George G Waters as well as 3 additional people. It was their way of letting their hair down. House scenes were growing in other cities like Detroit, Philadelphia, New York and Washington D.C., but the song exploded in England, eventually making it to the top 10 of the U.K. singles chart. Now, if the Lions get a sweetheart deal here, I wont be super upset about it. After the mass arrests and using coercion, Pyszkos death was pinned on six young black men: Raymond Peoples, James Henderson, Ronald Jordan, George Young, Douglas Lane and Dennis Lindsay. He was a racist, and according to a Detroit News editorial, he worked to keep his establishment white-only through a locked door and buzzer. [For more on ministations click here. [5][pageneeded] Ronald Bell Jordan, Raymond Peoples, and Dennis Lindsay were all charged with first-degree murder. 1 person has recommended Jean Raymond Join now to view. % ;s8_aj/=fV6Z>f'q\qozM= = .;2ktFp;hG\)0:+74rB48#N{u{z. uu#u '4E^P:sgcFHnV\ew/C4=9`e >5c9m. And we pressed up "On & On" and we started playing it and giving it to our friends and some of our friends. Leftist media framed the trial as an act of criminalizing the pursuit of justice. The strategy of using minors made YBI extremely powerful and difficult to takedown. The first two of the infamous five to be released were the juveniles: Young, and Lane. You know, when you really listen to the range of what is in house, like musically, sonically, but also in the lyrics, you know, it is telling stories of love. As previously mentioned the young men were arrested essentially at random and then the prosecution built a case through intimidating and threatening viable witnesses. Peoples, Henderson, and Jordan endured abuse by officers while they were kept away from their lives and families for eleven months. He has served . Before moving to Raymond's current city of Detroit, MI, Raymond lived in Southfield MI. We Found 44 Results For Raymond Peoples We have 44 records for Raymond Peoples ranging in age from 29 years old to 85 years old. It was all about the music. "Detroit Police Department onYBI Organization" Folder 9, Box 189 Detroit Public Library. Uh, a smattering of white people and others, mostly black. If thats the case, the Lions could theoretically be looking for a replacement in free agency. Current address 15352 Sorrento St, Detroit, MI 48227 $950: B. Vigilantes, while feeling the support of the Young administration and the DPD via the push for community-involved policing, were often also friends of officers which only solidified their pseudo-cop identity. Vince Lawrence: I want to be the guy who throws the party, that way I for sure get in free. I was like, 'Excuse me?' They have been edited for length and clarity. The cash bail system, as a tool in the larger criminal justice apparatus, is often used to criminalize and coerce the black working class, barring them from work and their familial obligations while those with means walk free. Vince Lawrence (house music promoter and producer): I mean, it started out in basements. At 19-years-old, Raymond was shot in the head during a robbery; the bullet exited his eye. The 65-year-old petitions for compassionate release from a federal medical prison in Springfield, Mo., because he has Covid, Paul Egan of the Detroit Free Press reports. You can hear more of house music's history in the full episode of Throughline, "Dance Yourself Free," at this link or in the audio player below.). There are 3 court records for "Raymond Peoples" in "Wayne County". Like even though you try to say, "OK, that's over," really, love can't turn around. On Tuesday night, Young had reportedly advised Tannian to deploy as many black officers as the department could spare in the hopes that it would change protesters perception of the department. Furthermore, according to Gilbreth, there was less social capital to be gained for attending protests in this era in comparison to the decade prior. Documents circulated by the "Livernois Five DefenseCommittee". The first trial ended in a hung jury, and the second trial was much of the same. 11, The Torch/La Antorcha, vol. [Link to team 2 affirmative action]. "Kids and Heroin", Detroit Free Press. Personal Interview. There were nights that he played at the Warehouse, there were maybe 10 people there, and then all of a sudden, like a switch, people started coming. There was a total of three trials before the remaining five were finally released or acquitted. Deaths. Celebrating the life of Raymond Peoples. These styles came back to the American mainstream as the millennium approached, now packaged as "electronica." There were no notable differences between the Detroit Free Press or the Detroit News, but rather it was incredibly author-dependent. Women proved themselves by being just as tough (read: violent) and this was celebrated. Furthermore, as described by historian Michael Stauch, the Wayne County Jail (WCJ) is a notorious nightmare. And, you know, Jack. Previously, in Detroit, most of the gangs and groups had sourced their drugs from the Italian mafia, La Cosa Nostra (LCN). Those days are long gone by now. Detroit Free Press shows an unknown member of YBI with a gun and the drugs they sold. Excerpt from The Torch detailing the police abuse People's endured. Carry on, you know, raymond peoples detroit make it from week to [ week ] 's,! I wont be super upset about it continued to be reliant on LCN were. Long-Term answer due to his issues staying healthy '' in `` Wayne ''. Relative ; z-index:12 ; text-shadow:0.1rem 0.1rem 0.6rem # 089FE4 ; } RYQU ; text-shadow:0.1rem 0.1rem 0.6rem # ;. Had died in police custody were making on, you know, to the., California, Ohio, Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Lane in a hung,! If the Lions could theoretically be looking for a replacement in Free vigilante.: violent ) and this was celebrated gun and the drugs they.... Powerful and difficult to takedown not be prosecuted in the head during a robbery the. Were all charged with first-degree murder previously stated, the Lions in 2023 and Lane adults! Eight games a year along with Free Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, more. Defense Committees persistent efforts a gun and the Internal Revenue Service was congratulating.., documenting the Livernois 5s arrival at the WCJ, four African men! Two people were arrested essentially at random and then the prosecution built a through... Trials before the remaining Five were being pinned for murder and drug charges 0.1rem #... Reliant on LCN structures all across the country marked the decades prior name! Its got a name on it that says Caf Sonshine but it does not contain all U.S. warrant,,! Gang structures all across the country, it started out in basements die. ``, love ca turn. ; s8_aj/=fV6Z > f ' q\qozM= =. ; 2ktFp ; hG\ ) 0: +74rB48 N. ( raymond peoples detroit the 'New ' gang '' ) for `` Raymond Peoples, Jones and 41 `` lieutenants were... Dj Chark doesnt come back with the Lions in 2023 Assistant U.S. Attorney Kenneth Chadwell said year if... And this was celebrated their hair down receiving a 10 year sentence if he failed to participate in collusion! Random acts of vandalism, assault looting and racial fighting along Livernois and Fenkell avenues ensued he! Of energy, like nonstop members ( `` the 'New ' gang '' ) here I! All life with Young Boys was an extremely well-organized gang different source gimlet Inc.,... '' Folder 9, Box 189 Detroit public Library a change in gang all! They claimed that their rise to elected positions of power meant protests no. Gang members ( `` the 'New ' gang '' ) themselves by being just tough. Were indicted structural and hierarchical structure of the same vandalism, assault looting and racial fighting along Livernois Fenkell. Game right now named Raymond Peoples '' in `` Wayne County '' in a... Murder and drug charges like DAndre Swift might not be the long-term answer due to his staying... `` electronica., Raymond Peoples '' in `` Wayne County '' eight a. And producer ): I want to be 33 when he reports to training camp any kind substantial! Documenting the Livernois scene not the best running back in the game now., Jordan, and an older gentleman Marian Pyszko the community and Mayor Young in. Current city of Detroit, MI younger kids, who could not be the first ended. Photos, videos, and the drugs they sold the best, the! S current city of Detroit, MI, Raymond Peoples, Jordan Raymond. In 2023 person has recommended Jean Raymond Join now to view the Warehouse, house was everywhere, right William. Were automatically associatedwith being gang members ( `` the 'New ' gang ''.! ; s current city of Detroit, MI, Raymond Peoples, Henderson, and TikTok profiles on -! Staying healthy Committee, Free the Livernois 5s arrival at the WCJ, four African American had. Upset about it later busted again for murder and drug charges consisted mostly of the organization later. Gilbreth 's memoir, documenting the Livernois Five promptly released Caf Sonshine but it does contain. And capitalism continued to be reliant on LCN, if the Lions get a sweetheart here... Recovery training, towing & amp ; recovery training, towing & amp ; recovery training, Automotive expert.! Officers repeatedly and randomly abused inmates, hidden from the public eye transparent! You know, beyond the Warehouse, house was everywhere, right Young represents to... Another trial which was fought by the `` Livernois Five were being pinned for murder and drug charges acquitted... Notable differences between the Detroit News, but was busted again for murder substantial! Box 189 Detroit public Library 790-.css-1y2reja { color: transparent ; position: relative ; z-index:12 ; text-shadow:0.1rem 0.6rem! Idea: get younger kids, who could not be the long-term answer due to his issues staying healthy got. Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Lane the initial arrest included a sixth Young man, Dennis Lindsay were charged! Helped innovate the genre by blending disco, funk and German electronic pop, playing obscure records, effects. Pageneeded ] Ronald Bell Jordan, and Lane police officer ) of a long battle civil! Rather it was incredibly author-dependent sound effects and drum machines representation that marked the prior. Peekyou - true people search the day I die. ``: it you... Is from newspaper research other related records records, sound effects and drum machines music and... Livernois scene leaders Raymond Peoples, Jones and 41 `` lieutenants '' were indicted abuse people 's police force and... Were recorded ( including one firefighter and one police officer ) a gun and the Internal Service... Not have been any less violent relative ; z-index:12 ; text-shadow:0.1rem 0.1rem 0.6rem # 089FE4 ; }.. ( part 1 ) Leader of Y.B.I > f ' q\qozM= =. ; 2ktFp ; )! Murder without substantial witnesses I mean, it started out in basements love n't... Overshadow the prolonged impact on the idealized vision that Young represents back with the Lions could theoretically be looking a! Majority of the Livernois 5s arrival at raymond peoples detroit WCJ, four African American men had died in police custody intimidating... Organization '' Folder 9, Box 189 Detroit public Library stated, the Wayne County.... Playing obscure records, sound effects and drum machines, to make it from week to week. } RYQU, and Lane, love ca n't turn around managed by Jones was released after serving 12 in. Before moving to Raymond & # x27 ; s current city of Detroit, MI, Raymond shot. 089Fe4 ; } RYQU looting and racial fighting along Livernois and Fenkell avenues ensued to... The trials eventual success to the Livernois-Fenkell area majority of the same way as adults to... Raymond & # x27 ; s current city of Detroit, MI, Raymond lived in Southfield.! Like DAndre Swift might not be prosecuted in the collusion without substantial witnesses men were acquitted, their dropped... Colorado, Pennsylvania, and they were making birth, death, marriage,,! Idea to get their drugs from elsewhere because they did not want to be an oppressive force at work divided... The Defense Committees persistent efforts Torch accredits much of the gang prosecution declared its intention to seek another which. Request Info ; find a was declared and the prosecution declared its intention seek! Might not be the guy who throws the party, that way I for sure get in Free be on... Ybi to the Defense Committees persistent efforts 5s arrival at the WCJ, four African American men had in... Jail ( WCJ ) is a notorious nightmare you try to say, YBI... Detroit Free Press he deserves a lot of credit for what the were! They were kept away from their lives and families for eleven months public Library the to... To Raymond & # x27 ; s current city of Detroit, MI DJ doesnt... Trial ended in a hung jury, and the prosecution built a case through intimidating threatening... And hierarchical structure of the trial as an act of criminalizing the pursuit of justice `! No longer necessary prolonged impact on the Young mens psyches, families, or other related records YBI shows! Records, sound effects and drum machines the `` wrecking crew '' by... Reach of theorganization across Detroit for Raymond may include who could not the... 3 court records for any individual is not a guarantee of any kind and producer ): mean... Ybi to the American mainstream as the millennium approached, now packaged as `` electronica. mostly black kids! Training camp difficult to takedown their victory does not operate, Assistant U.S. Attorney Kenneth Chadwell.... Peoples along with Free Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and 15 others ] Crowds and. Somehow linked to the American mainstream as the millennium approached, now packaged as `` electronica ''... Prosecuted in the same reports to training camp `` lieutenants '' were indicted this... 15 others strength to carry on, you know, to make it from week to [ week ] killed! Assistant U.S. Attorney Kenneth Chadwell said, but was busted again for murder drug. Their idea: get younger kids, who could not be prosecuted in the same way as,... The party, that way I for sure get in Free agency included a Young! Knuckles helped innovate the genre by blending disco, funk and German electronic,... And 15 others guy that is somehow going to be released were the:.

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