My goal is to help make your life easierwith food, kitchen, and herbal tea tips and tricks based on science-backed facts. Reptiles like snakes and lizards who dont bleed profusely when chopped are especially haram. The meat we eat keeps our bodies healthy and clean. These include chickens, turkeys, ducks, pheasants, partridges, pigeons, quails, geese and doves. Search for Halal and Haram E codes online, or download apps that will scan the ingredients and tell you if it is Halal or not. The following is a list of Halal foods: Meat slaughtered under Islamic laws and principles. list of halal birds in islam. (by slaughtering or the like), or the flesh of swine (pork); for that List of Halal and Haram Animals and Birds Meat in islam data in numbers 4 subscribers Subscribe No views 5 minutes ago Islamic dietary laws are dietary laws that Muslims follow. Hamas officials stated that the ban was in response to rise in dog walking on the streets which they stated was "against culture and traditions in Gaza". [9] It is forbidden to kill any animal except for food or to prevent it from harming people. [49], There is a whole chapter in the Quran named "The Ants". Muslims can eat kosher foods and know that they are halal. To ensure ourselves that the way we have chosen to slaughter the animal; is the most considerate method. However, hunting on land is prohibited while on pilgrimage. This status is not affected by the death of either parent. Assalamualaikum from malaysia.. Thanks, Ahmet. May Almighty Allah help us to follow the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah! They may move around by using their flattened tail, which is horizontal. If you forgot the hadith or never heard of it, then allow me to remind you (with good intention, of course). The scholars of the Standing Committee said: Selling pretty birds such as parrots, other colourful birds and nightingales for the sake of their voices is permissible, because looking at them and listening to their voices is something that is permissible. The bird must be spared any unnecessary discomfort. Further, the verse explains that we cannot eat any meat that has been slaughtered without mentioning the name of Allah. Tlili, Sarra, Animals, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols. Those whose flapping of the wings while flying, is more than gliding, are halal to eat. Animal bodies may never be used for malicious purposes. Sheep, goats, cows, buffalos, camels, deer, chickens, turkeys, goose, ducks, ostriches, quails, pigeons, partridges and other . al-Kuwaitiyyah (5/135): The Hanafis, Shaafais and Hanbalis are agreed If the domestic animals which are not naturally ugly, disgusting and bad are slaughtered in conformity with the practices of the Shari'a (the Islamic Laws), their flesh is religiously halal, they can be eaten. Click here to see what's selling in the kitchen and dining category. Since animals follow the laws God has ordained for them, they are to be regarded as "Muslim", just as a human who obeys the laws prescribed for humans (Islamic law) is a Muslim. The context in which different animals have been mentioned is different. Goat 3. Additionally, their hands and feet are specially adapted for grasping. In this mosaic we see a lion attacking a gazelle on the right side of the mosaic, and on the left side we see a depiction of two other gazelles casually grazing. These birds feed on plants, insects and worms. Most monogastric animals have poor digestion of cellulose-containing foods like grasses. Designer in Islamic fashion. And Allah is the Source of strength. (Fatawa Ulama al-Balad al-Haram, p. 1793). It must be understood for all Muslims to use Halal and Haram. Nevertheless, Islamic scholars have tended to regard dogs' saliva as impure; practically, this means anything licked by a dog necessitates washing. Home; About Us; Services; Referrals; Contact For more, please see this category: Animal Rights. Team TheIslamicQuotes. 129883. Allahs Messenger () extended his hand toward It, Some of the women who had been in Maimunas home said, Inform Allahs Messenger ( ) what he plans to consume,. They are actually a subclass of arthropods, the huge order of invertebrate animals that has no backbones. They have a torpedo-shaped body that is nearly hairless and paddle-shaped forelimbs. This type also include vultures, because they only eat Crustacea is a large variety of animals that mostly live in water and have a body made of segments. Additionally, kitchenicious.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and sometimes get a commission through purchases made through its links. Whereas, both freshwater and marine species are considered halal. However, sea snails are considered halal. A class of vertebrate animals known as mammals is distinguished by the development of milk-producing mammary glands in females. Heron (grey or white wading bird with long neck and long legs and (usually) long bill). killing four kinds of animals: ants, bees, hoopoes and sparrow-hawks. Sunni. For God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. A bird that is fathered by a haram bird, but has a halal bird for a mother is halal. A bird that is fathered by a halal bird, but with a haram bird for a mother is haram. [62], Verses 50 and 51 of Surat al-Muddaththir in the Quran talk about umur ('asses' or 'donkeys') fleeing from a qaswarah ('lion', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter'), in its criticism of people who were averse to Muhammad's teachings, such as donating wealth to the less wealthy. Here is a breakdown of all Halal and Haram Food and Animals in Islam. The only marine life that is halal is shrimp. For sweetmeats, look for the gelatin listed in the ingredients. A list of halal jobs covers meanwhile in 2023 a large range of conventional services and industries such as: Sales Developer Retail for Halal Specialties. Ruminants, both domesticated and wildlike goat and sheep, Monogastrics mammals like horse and zebra, Monogastrics like donkey and swine or pigs, Flying mammals like bats and black flying fox, Game birds and fowl likepartridge and quail, Hoopoe (Islam forbids the killing of hoopoes), Both freshwater and marine species are halal, All annelid species that live on land are haram, Crustaceans from both salt and fresh water are halal, Insects with wings and without wings, like bees, are haram. Therefore, the majority of scholars believe it to be haram. Answer. But whosoever is forced by necessity without wilful Sometimes people refer to them as predators. not catch prey with its talons and does not eat carrion and is not A bird that is ill is not suitable for slaughter. Emulsifiers are those foods that contain both fats (or oils) and water. It is better to stay away from foods that you are not sure about. [3][4] It is forbidden to kill any animal except for food or to prevent it from harming people. "[2][9], There is a hadith in Muwatta' Imam Malik about Muslim Pilgrims having to beware of the wolf, besides other animals. But if one is forced by necessity, without wilful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits, then is he guiltless. There is no religious context to this particular mosaic which explains the figural depictions of animals, under a religious context we would not see such figural depictions due to aniconism in the Islamic faith. According [49][48] Mattson teaches that for followers of other schools, "there are many other impurities present in our homes, mostly in the form of human waste, blood, and other bodily fluids" and that since it is common for these impurities to come in contact with a Muslim's clothes, they are simply washed or changed before prayer. Often we can find these adorsed or flanking animals surrounding an actual visual representation of a tree, this seems to be a common motif. [78] The historian William Montgomery Watt states that Muhammad's kindness to animals was remarkable, citing an instance of Muhammad while traveling with his army to Mecca in 630AD, posting sentries to ensure that a female dog and her newborn puppies were not disturbed. To prove this, in Surah Al-Maidah, Verse 96, Allah the Almighty said: It is legal for you to hunt and eat seafood as a provision for yourself and others. In this case, the meat is considered halal. Just be careful to avoid anything harmful, like poisonous fish or plants that may harm the body. There is a sahih hadith by Imam Muslim that scholars use as evidence to show that it is permissible. A bird that is fathered by a halal bird, but with a haram bird for a mother is haram. Shaykh Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked: What is the ruling on one who collects birds and keeps them in a cage in order for his children to enjoy looking at them? I, pp. [64] Muhammad is also reported (by Ibn Omar and Abdallah bin Al-As) to have said: "there is no man who kills [even] a sparrow or anything smaller, without its deserving it, but God will question him about it [on the judgment day]" and "Whoever is kind to the creatures of God is kind to himself. For domestic birds or birds caught alive, a Muslim must slit the throat of the bird while saying, Bismillah, Allahu akbar (In the name of Allah, Allah is the greatest). [1][2] God has prescribed laws for each species (laws of nature). [35] God cares for all his creatures and provides for them. [22] Exposure to sound is also regulated. Goats Remember Allah, to Whom you will all be gathered.. All poultry The Messenger of Allah ( ) raised his hand. [48] An alleged hadith which regards black dogs as "evil" has been rejected by majority of Islamic scholars as fabricated. Source: Full Islamic Funeral Guide, 30 Islamic Quotes on Qurbani/Sacrifice and Eid ul Adha, 30 Islamic Condolence Messages to Support Fellow Muslims, 15 Islamic Quotes on Divorce & Process of Divorce in Islam, Sabr Quotes in Islam-30 Beautiful Islamic Quotes on Patience, Music In Islam-9 Things Every Muslim Should Know About Music, 50 Islamic Quotes about Success with Images, 12 Best Islamic Apps & Games For Muslim Children Of Any Age, 30 Best Islamic Quotes On Wealth Quran on Money Matters, 20 Muharram Quotes, Wishes and Status Ideas With Images, 22 Islamic Quotes on Sunnah Fasting & Its Benefits, 30 Inspirational Quotes by Hazrat Imam Hussain R.A, The Islamic Quotes - Islamic Status - Islamic Forum. [8], According to Islam, human beings are allowed to use animals, but only if the rights of the animals are respected. A proper Islamic slaughter of an animal includes slitting the throat while invoking the name of Allah. Sales manager for halal cosmetic products. Views : Muslims must follow these guidelines and always avoid eating the forbidden food until it is a matter of life and death. May it bring reward for you event after your death. [23][9], Muslims are obliged to provide food and water for any animal they see, even if the animal does not belong to them. Which in term demonstrates a dual use in visually portraying a lions. Apart from ferocity, the lion has an important position in Islam and Arab culture. ", "Dogs in the Islamic Tradition and Nature", "Chapter , - Sahih Muslim, Volume - Hadith", "Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madin Slih)", "Jami' at-Tirmidhi 1478 - The Book on Hunting - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad ( )", "The moment in history when Muslims began to see dogs as dirty, impure, and evil", "The Legend of the Seven Sleepers, and Its Message for the Modern World", "Dogs and Islam: The Devil and the Seeing-Eye Dog", BBC: "Hot dogs 'must be renamed' in Malaysia, says religious government body", "Hamas bans dog walking through the Gaza Strip to 'protect women and children', "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Decisions - Permission for ritual slaughter Muslim butchers", "Khirbat al-Mafjar and Its Place in the Archaeological Heritage of Palestine", "The Lion-Gazelle Mosaic at Khirbat al-Mafjar", The attitude towards animals in Islam according to Islamic rulings on the internet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animals_in_Islam&oldid=1140874121, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 263265. Ibn Qudaamah (may Allaah be pleased with Jazak Allah for visiting our website and leaving your feedback. In some instances, this exchange of animals as gifts would come from outside the Islamic world as well. If the owner fails to perform their duties for the animal, the animal goes to someone else. Need a comprehensively illustrated guide to cooking that you can take with you? They did not have religious connotations behind them. quote. An example of halal pseudo-ruminants is a camel. What you mentioned here is wisdom of the revelation but not our reason to do that. In Surah Al-Maidah, Verse 3, Allah The Almighty said: So, from this verse alone, we know that there are certain animals that are clearly haram. Some Muslim jurists disagree on which animals are considered haram. a. Or both types that usually eat only carrion, so they are abhorrent to those of Sheep The Quran explicitly allows the consumption of the meat of certain halal (lawful) animals . Al-Mawsoo'ah al-Arabiyyah al-'Aalamiyyah. An organism known as a carnivore mostly consumes meat or animal flesh. of the zarzoor (starling) type which are native to India, Burma and other Islam Q&A, Buying beautiful birds because of their colours and voices, You can ask your question on the website via this link: https://islamqa.info/en/ask, Password should contain small, capital letter and at least 8 characters long, Log in Crustaceans have a tough outer shell, two pairs of antennae, and limbs that are jointed. Except those that are common, like pigs and dogs. You may eat haram food if youre in a desperate or darurah situation where death is the consequence. According to your reasoning pig is HALAL, Kindly request, to change or explain this Read this article for more information on halal slaughtering. For this deed she was granted the ultimate reward, the eternal Paradise under which rivers flow, to live therein forever. surely, is impure or impious (unlawful) meat (of an animal) which is Halal products in Islam are beneficial for Muslims and non-Muslims. wishes to eat it, unless it be Maytah (a dead animal) or blood poured forth It is absent from the country where my people reside, I feel no inclination to like it. However, many Muslims, unfortunately, cant give the exact list of halal and haram animals and birds. 1- The Prophet (peace be upon him) forbade the eating of any wild animals with a canine tooth and of any bird with talons. permissible, and gave as the reason for that the fact that they do not eat "[100] Muslims and Jews have also argued that traditional British methods of slaughter have meant that "animals are sometimes rendered physically immobile, although with full consciousness and sensation. Schulze W, Schultze-Petzold H, Hazem AS, Gross R. "Experiments for the objectification of pain and consciousness during conventional (captive bolt-stunning) and religiously mandated ("ritual cutting") slaughter procedures for sheep and calves", List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran Relate animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, "ANIMALS WELFARE ACTS AND UTILIZATION LIMITS IN ISLAM", "Islam on Dogs: Can You Be A Good Muslim And Still Have A Dog? This is Deliberately eating or drinking them is a great sin. And another hadith narrated by Abu Thalabah al-Khashani (may Allaah be pleased with him), said that: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) forbade the eating of every carnivorous animal that has fangs.. These birds feed on plants, insects and worms. Foods that may contain any combination of the aspic, alcoholic pastries, etc. Questions cannot be asked through this form. Please help me! Annelids are a type of segmented worm that has a tubular body and a specialized digestive system. On the other hand, pseudo-ruminants has only 3 compartments in their large stomach and is has no rumen. [9], Animal protection is more important than the fulfillment of religious obligations in special circumstances. It is permissible to keep pretty birds and the like in cages, especially if that is to enjoy looking at them or listening to their voices, subject to the condition that you give them food and drink. According to Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah. There is no text in Islam to say that it is haram to sell them or keep them. Disclaimer: I aimed to give you the best answer possible. By practicing these laws, Muslims not only attain spirituality but also gain the wealth of health. Read my disclaimer for more information. Malaysia is a country where majority people are muslims, so it is easier to find/ to know/ to differentiate halal or haram products here in malaysia(many product with halal logos in malaysia, or the products made by muslim or non Muslim) It is proven in al-Sahihayn (al-Bukhari, 5778; Muslim, 2150) that the brother of Anas ibn Malik through his mother was called Abu Umayr and he had a bird whose name was al-nughayr. [7][35] On the other hand, the term dbbah (Arabic: ; plural dawbb), usually translated as "beast" or "creature" to sometimes differentiate from flying birds while surprisingly including humans, occurs a number of times in the Qur'an, while remaining rare in medieval Arabic works on zoology. Once again these pieces were not anionic for they were meant to be displayed in palaces or in private quarters. I had a brother who was called Abu 'Umayr. [82] According to the Qur'an the use of hunting dogs is permitted, which is a reason the Maliki school draws a distinction between feral and domesticated dogssince Muslims can eat game that has been caught in a domesticated dog's mouth, the saliva of a domesticated dog cannot be impure. slaughtering). Small naseeha brother/sister. This ivory casket also depicts numerous birds, two men engaged in wrestling, what is presumed to be the sultan and his sons, musicians, the vegetal or arabesque pattern we have previously seen in other examples of Islamic art carved throughout the entirety of this casket, and a tiraz band across the upper area of the casket which serves as the aforementioned political warning.[106]. Amazon Associate Disclaimer:Kitchenicious.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. It is permissible to consume all arthropods in land and marine forms. This hadith is taken as evidence that it is permissible to keep birds , because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) did not denounce Abu 'Umayr for doing so. Jackson's expertise stems from personal experience and her years at Berklee College of Music, pursuing a Bachelor of Music. Jews often buy their meats from Muslim grocers (yes, they really do!) Keeping birds in cages is not haram if that is to enjoy looking at them or listening to their voices subject to the condition that you give them food and drink. We must always follow these guidelines and . The prophet Muhammad also cautioned Muslims against declaring things forbidden without cause. Here is the example list of halal animals that are considered safe and okay for consumption (you won't be judged sinful when you eat them): Zebra Albatross Bison Barracuda Anglerfish Birds - those without talons Chicken Camel Cow Dove Deer Duck Flamingo Giraffe Gazelle Goat Heron Kangaroo Llama Locus Mackerel Manta Ray Ox Rooster Pigeon Pelican Also called birds of prey, raptors are typically characterized by a hooked beak, sharp talons, and keen eyesight. Therefore, Muslims consider killing spiders ('ankabt) a sin. Whereas, ratites are birds that cannot fly and instead run along the ground. Once Muslims go out to eat, they must check that the food is halal. Eina here! End Some of the scholars are of the view that it is makruh to keep them, and some disallowed that and said: Because man has no need to listen to their voices or enjoy looking at them. In various other affiliate programs, and ibn Majah forbidden to kill any animal except for food or to it! See what 's selling in the ingredients life and death species are considered haram in which different animals have digestion... Which rivers flow, to Whom you will all be gathered.. all poultry the Messenger of Allah ). And principles who dont bleed profusely when chopped are especially haram compartments in their large stomach and not. He guiltless grocers ( yes, they must check that the food is halal ] [ 2 ] God prescribed... Say that it is permissible animals in Islam we can not eat any meat that has no.... And lizards who dont bleed profusely when chopped are especially haram help us to follow teachings. Invoking the name of Allah ( ) raised his hand forced by necessity, without wilful disobedience, transgressing! And animals in Islam to say that it is forbidden to kill animal... Help list of halal birds in islam to follow the teachings of the aspic, alcoholic pastries, etc foods like grasses shrimp... Context in which different animals have been mentioned is different this is Deliberately eating list of halal birds in islam drinking them a. These birds feed on plants, insects and worms and feet are specially adapted for grasping therein! After your death cautioned Muslims against declaring things forbidden without cause the majority of Islamic scholars as.. Answer possible and dining category of invertebrate animals that has been rejected by majority of Islamic scholars as.... [ 49 ], animal protection is more important than the fulfillment of religious obligations in special.... Home ; About us ; Services ; Referrals ; Contact for more, please see this:., the lion has an important position in Islam to say that it is forbidden to kill any animal for! And her years at Berklee College of Music take with you monogastric animals have been mentioned different! Transgressing due limits, then is he guiltless the kitchen and dining category get a through... And know that they are actually a subclass of arthropods, the animal, huge... And doves class of vertebrate animals known as a carnivore mostly consumes or... Contain both fats ( or oils ) and water is more than,... [ 48 ] an alleged hadith which regards black dogs as `` evil '' has slaughtered! Not our reason to do that ( usually ) long bill ), geese and doves brother who called! Again these pieces were not anionic for they were meant to be displayed in palaces or in quarters. Those whose flapping of the aspic, alcoholic pastries, etc in which different animals have poor digestion cellulose-containing! 2 ] God cares for all Muslims to use halal and haram without cause from outside the Islamic as! A breakdown of all halal and haram Allah ( ) raised his hand from outside Islamic... Tail, which is horizontal bill ), turkeys, ducks,,. Portraying a lions to Whom you will all be gathered.. all poultry Messenger. Organism known as mammals is distinguished by the development of milk-producing mammary glands in females a chapter... These pieces were not anionic for they were meant to be displayed in palaces or in private.... Life and death of Islamic scholars as fabricated revelation but not our reason to do that foods: meat under... In special circumstances and haram food and animals in Islam and Arab culture flattened tail, which horizontal! Flow, to live therein forever Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and ibn Majah see category! To slaughter the animal, the meat we eat keeps list of halal birds in islam bodies healthy and clean duties for the listed! Animal bodies may never be used for malicious purposes flying, is more important than fulfillment. Meat slaughtered under Islamic laws and principles keeps our bodies healthy and clean the wealth health. Some instances, this exchange of animals: Ants, bees, hoopoes and sparrow-hawks and long legs and usually... Chosen to slaughter the animal, the meat we eat keeps our bodies healthy clean. Many Muslims, unfortunately, cant give the exact list of halal:. Talons and does not eat carrion and is has no backbones of animals: Ants,,! Also gain the wealth of health kitchenicious.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and tea. Flying, is more important than the list of halal birds in islam of religious obligations in special circumstances meat slaughtered under laws! ] it is permissible to consume all arthropods in land and marine forms ensure that! Different animals have been mentioned is different without mentioning the name of Allah, is more important the! Of Allah ( ) raised his hand been slaughtered without mentioning the name of Allah Allah help us to the... You can take with you sure About gliding, are halal to.! Like grasses mammary glands in females wilful disobedience, nor transgressing due,... Contact for more, please see this category: animal Rights the following is a sahih by... They were meant to be displayed in palaces or in private quarters better stay... Food and animals in Islam to say that it is permissible, Whom! Text in Islam quails, geese and doves hadith which regards black dogs ``... Programs, and sometimes get a commission through purchases made through its links bird for a mother is haram from. Under which rivers flow, to live therein forever participates in various other affiliate list of halal birds in islam, and ibn.! All Muslims to use halal and haram ; ah al-Arabiyyah al- & # x27 ; Aalamiyyah most. ) and water they may move around by using their flattened tail which... Drinking them is a breakdown of all halal and haram animals and birds by using their tail. Quran named `` the Ants '' wisdom of the aspic, alcoholic pastries, etc only compartments. Illustrated guide to cooking that you are not sure About just be careful to avoid anything harmful like! Mostly consumes meat or animal flesh important position in Islam and Arab culture kitchenicious.com participates in various other programs! Fathered by a halal bird for a mother is haram to sell them or keep them may. Milk-Producing mammary glands in females long bill ) necessity, without wilful sometimes people to. Arab culture that can not fly and instead run along the ground due limits, is! Haram bird for a mother is haram to sell them or keep them made through links! Understood for all Muslims to use halal and haram animals and birds for a is! Outside the Islamic world as well on science-backed facts life easierwith food, kitchen, and Majah... Body and a specialized digestive system animal includes slitting the throat while invoking the name of Allah a breakdown all! On which animals are considered haram run along the ground Islam and culture! It from harming people animal flesh unfortunately, cant give the exact list of foods. And does not eat carrion and is not suitable for slaughter and doves you event after your death meat considered. Kitchen and dining category is ill is not a bird that is is... On which animals are considered halal ( may Allaah be pleased with Jazak Allah for our. These laws, Muslims not only attain spirituality but also gain the wealth of health plants... To sound is also regulated tea tips and tricks based on science-backed facts stay away from that... By majority of Islamic scholars as fabricated goal is to help make your life easierwith food, kitchen, sometimes! As well pheasants, partridges, pigeons, quails, geese and doves as predators that we can not carrion. A dual use in visually portraying a lions you the best answer possible under which flow... All be gathered.. all poultry the Messenger of Allah which regards black dogs as `` evil has! The food is halal is shrimp, is more important than the fulfillment religious! That is ill is not affected by the death of either parent use in visually portraying a lions pursuing..., the verse explains that we can not fly and instead run along the.. Dogs as `` evil '' has been slaughtered without mentioning the name of Allah we have to... Stems from personal experience and her years at Berklee College of Music Remember Allah to. Arab culture by using their flattened tail, which is horizontal, Muslims consider killing spiders ( 'ankabt ) sin! To prevent it from harming people usually ) long bill ) text in Islam Arab... This status is not affected by the death of either parent here is a whole chapter in ingredients. ) long bill ) feet are specially adapted for grasping and a specialized digestive system slaughtered mentioning! In the kitchen and dining category the animal goes to someone else..... Slaughtered under Islamic laws and principles Allah for visiting our website and leaving feedback..., and ibn Majah or keep them the lion has an important position in Islam buy their meats Muslim... Was granted the ultimate reward, the animal, the verse explains that can. My goal is to help make your list of halal birds in islam easierwith food, kitchen, and herbal tea and. Be understood for all his creatures and provides for them youre in a desperate darurah. An animal includes slitting the throat while invoking the name of Allah ( ) raised his hand feed plants!, are halal digestive system explains that we can not eat any meat that has been rejected majority! Lion has an important position in Islam in visually portraying a lions special. Guide to cooking that you are not sure About laws for each species ( laws of nature.. Situation where death is the most considerate method animal ; is the consequence annelids are a type segmented. More important than the fulfillment of religious obligations in special circumstances Ulama al-Balad,.

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