From Mexica came the name for the city that superseded the Aztec capital and for the surrounding valley, which was applied later to the whole Mexican nation. The section on Library ResearchAztec Codices was especially useful in putting together this annotated bibliography of primary sources. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Der Zeit (Switzerland). "Sightings: Initial Nahua Reactions to Spanish Culture." [http://www.public.iastate.edu/~python/pagan/aztec.html (6-14-2000)]. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. With language understood as a primary mechanism of control in a war that had cultural obliteration as its goal, the opportunities for mistranslations and misunderstandings were enormous. The Florentine Codex is unquestionably a troubling primary source. by Dsir Charnay. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. Landow, George P. Hypertext 2.0: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology. Prescott, William Hickling. There is nothing to fear. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Mujeres en crnicas de la conquiesta: en Bernal Daz del Castillo y Garcilaso de la Vega. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts But messengers came to tell them to dress the figure of Huitzilopochtli. ADVERTISEMENT. Believes Marina and Corts helped each other in a mission to reshape New Spain and turn it toward its Christian destiny. Less useful than other accounts. Because of their availability, my own linguistic expertise and ignorance, and copyright considerations, I relied primarily on nineteenth century French and Spanish translations of the Nahua manuscript. The author calls her site "an exhibit" put together alongside of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's second biannual conference on "U.S. Latina/Latino Perspectives on La Malinche." explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Primary Sources . Cites a biography of Rodrigo de Cifuentes that notes that Corts commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of Doa Marina in 1523. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. Daz del Castillo, Bernal. How Much Does the Public Value the Field of History and Historians Work? El Lienza de Tlaxcala . [http://www.coe.ufl.ecu/courses/edtech/vault/SS/mexico2/Lesson5.htm (6-13-2000)]. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. [http://www.Indians.org/welker/Aztec.htm (6-13-2000)]. In Five Centuries of Mexican History, vol. The Killing of History: How Literary Critics and Social Theorists Are Murdering Our Past. On the second day they began to sing again, but without warning they were all put to death. The name Aztec is derived from Aztln (variously translated as White Land, Land of White Herons, or Place of Herons), an allusion to their origins, probably in northwestern Mexico. Alvarado Tezozmoc, Fernando. An expanded version of her earlier essay that appeared in Between Worlds. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. Mxico: Impr. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! New York: Harper and Row, 1984. You have come back to us; you have come down from the sky. These cookies are required to make our website work! The film begins with Motecuhzoma IIs fictional son, Topiltzin, writing a codex to expose Spanish brutality and to preserve the historical memory of the Mexicas. This edition is, to my knowledge, the first published version of Daz del Castillos final version of his manuscript. Vridique histoire de la conqute de la nouvelle-espagne. They were also called the Tenochca, from an eponymous ancestor, Tenoch, and the Mexica, probably from Metzliapn (Moon Lake), the mystical name for Lake Texcoco. Cypess, Sandra Messinger. Occasionally used for clarification but not included in the on-line documents. If only they are watching! Believed to be the first document in Nahuatl rendered into alphabetic script. [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~mccaa/vircatas/virtab3.htm (6-14-2000)]. from Nahuatl into Spanish by Angel Maria Garibay K. Trans. Aztec culture to the time of the Spanish conquest The nature of the sources At the time of the Spanish conquest the dominant people of Meso-America were the Aztec. Garber, Elizabeth. Maya Conquistador. "The Aztec Conquest and the Birth of a New Race (Mestizo).". Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de. What are you doing? As Zhenja La Rosa argued, the Spaniards assumed that language and culture were inseparable. 8. He said: Dress him in all his finery, in all his sacred ornaments.. [See De la Cortina]. Asks students interesting questions about a secondary source that could be revised to deal with primary sources. McCaa, Robert. Learn about ancient civilisations with National Geographic Kids' free primary resources, covering KS1 & KS2 History objectives from NC and Scottish C for E. . Tell him that we love him well and that our hearts are contented., Then he said to Motecuhzoma: We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear.. An excellent introduction to Malinche and her role in the conquest of Mexico. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espaa. Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma, Corts, and the Fall of Old Mexico. 2 vols. Historia de Tlaxcala. By entering your email address you agree to our. The people were protected by their swords and sheltered by their shields. Thus, various personal translations of the Codex Florentino became my primary source for the Mexica account of the conquest. Edited and Trans. This document is also known as The Manuscript of 1576. It is based on the same manuscript as Histoire de la nation mexicaine. An attempt at writing a history of Doa Marina based on good sources, but more like a haigiography of Malintzin, a remarkable indigenous woman. Anales de Tlatelolco, unos annals histricos de la nacin mexicana y Cdice de Tlatelolco. Primary Sources Of Aztec Human Sacrifice. Campbell, R. Joe, "Florentine Codex Vocabulary.". There they improved their approach to agriculture and acquired other technological knowledge. Their answers to this question, generally not based upon a reading of the relevant primary sources, have then been reduced to a few lines in world civilization textbooks. Lockhart, James. "Mythical Views of Malintzin, Malinche, Marina: the Virgin, the Harlot and the Heroine." Cortes Describes Tenochtitlan. Moreover, the first and fifth letters were lost until a French scholar found them in Vienna (sixteenth century Spain was part of the Hapsburg Empire) in the eighteenth century. Basich Leija, Zita. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999. Get uplifting news, exclusive offers, inspiring stories and activities to help you and your family Aztec Religion Sources A selection of sources on the topic. Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. This book will allow students without access to computers to complete the assignment that is on the Internet. Paris: A. Chaix, 1866. [See, Histoire de la nation mexicaine]. The kings Itzcoatl, Motecuhzoma the Elder, Axayacatl, Tizoc and Ahuitzol ruled for you in the City of Mexico. Malinche's Conquest. Moreover, we have very little sense of how their production was shaped by interaction with the Spaniards, since the fourth Mexica King Itzcoatl apparently destroyed most earlier manuscripts during his reign from 1426-1440 to preserve his vision of how he constructed the Mexica empire. Karttunen, Frances. In carrying out his investigation, McCaa has done an interesting exegesis on the various primary sources on the conquest, which I used here. La Rosa suggested that in spite of Spanish efforts to force all of the indigenous Americans to speak Spanish, many priests found it in their interests to learn the multiple languages spoken in the region. Paris: Fayard, 1990. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. Benavidez, Anthony. We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. What Are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past? With such large numbers the Aztec were able to defeat their rivals, gaining new territory. It is a translated version of the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis, Latin for "Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians". The Aztec Empire grew as it conquered neighboring states, but that growth came at a cost. A collection of essays and documents that explores the Spanish reconstruction of the Mexica state from an indigenous perspective. This History primary resource assists with teaching the following Key Stage 2 History objective from the National Curriculum: This History primary resource assists with teaching the following Social Studies Second level objectives from the Scottish Curriculum for Excellence: Your comment will be checked and approved shortly. "Teaching Art in the Context of Culture: A Study in the Borderlands,"Studies in Art Education: A Journal of Issues and Research. Sex, Lies, and Colonial Manuscripts: Women of Ill-repute in the Florentine Codex. Aztec. Hassler believes the Spaniards invented the sacrifice stories. The Tezcocanos, like the Tlaxcalans, fought along side of the Spaniards against the Mexicas, which, after the fact, makes this an extremely important document. By far the most important source from the Aztec/Mexica perspective is Fray Bernardino de Sahagn's General History of the Things of New Spain, . We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Even the suggestions that Nahuatl become the official language represented a policy designed to further control local populations. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. Useful in thinking about what I am doing in this project. [Not put on-line]. San Miguel de Tucumn, Argentina: T. Piossek Prebisch, 1997. Cdice Aubin: manuscrito azteca de la Biblioteca real de Berlin, anales en mexicano y geroglificos desde la salida de las tribus de Aztlan hasta la muerte de Cuauhtmoc. Alvarado, Pedro de (defendant). The dancers and singers were completely unarmed. 10. Karttunen, Frances. There are many images which accompany the text. [http://www2.cwrl.utexas.edu/Sheila/314s96/projects/group4/malinche.htm (6-13-2000)]. These images generate even more questions about whose vision is represented in them, since the Tlaxcalans backed the Spanish without hesitation and produced their paintings to impress the Spanish monarchy with their loyalty to Spain. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. : The MIT Press, 1997. Do the kings know the destiny of those they left behind, their posterity? Masters Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993. Microfilm. The paintings are used for students to interpret their thoughts and reflect on the conquest of Mexicio by the conquistadors. Too general to be of much use except for his account of the massacre in Cholula. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. It also contains a facsimile of the Codice Aubin. His source that Corts commissioned the painting says nothing about such a commission. Classic account of the history of the conquest that is very sympathetic to the Spaniards. Conquistadores and Spanish colonization. Trans. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. One is housed in the Royal Library of Berlin; the other, in the Bibliothque National in Paris. Others, especially in the south and what is now Central America, spoke various dialects of Mayan. If true, the statement suggests a much deeper relationship between Corts and Marina than the one suggested in my narrative to accompany the documents. Huitzilopochtli is born from Coatlicue in full armor. My only complaint is that navigation on the site is not especially intuitive. Microfilm. Primary Source: Aztec Accounts of the Conquest, 1520 In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. Entitled Historia de los Indios de la Nueva Espaa, this manuscript can be found in the Escorial, Spain. Reading images introduces challenges of its own. Codex en Cruz by Charles E. Dibble. Used to put together material to help students think about what they are looking at. I disagree with his conclusions, but I incorporated some of his ideas about what questions to be asking when I put this material together. Gua para el uso del Cdice florentino. Cambridge, Mass. A Codex that was originally . Corts, Hernn. by Deke Dusinberre. Overmyer-Velzquez, Rebecca. My one concession is to have in places slightly modified awkward language from the nineteenth century renditions of it where I deemed it to have no historical significance. A brief, but useful biography of Father Sahagn. Paris: G. Masson, 1880. Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1878. One can scroll up and down to see the other versions of the sources. Though the quality of her site is outstanding, I believe that my site demonstrates the powerful advantages offered by hypermedia. Mxico: B. Costa-Amic Editor, 1975. The Aztecs followed a strict social hierarchy in which individuals were identified as nobles (pipiltin), commoners (macehualtin), serfs, or slaves. [My translation]. Lpez de Gmara, Francisco. explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. Paris: Flammarion-UNESCO, 1992. Primary Sources . A sixteenth century manuscript which includes illustrations drawn by indigenous people. y litog. De la Cortina, Jos Justo Gomez, Conde. [http://iupjournals.org/jwh/jwh10-2.html (6-12-2000)]. Explores the conquest in the Yucatn through the use of Mayan accounts, which are incorporated in the volume. For my primary sources, I plan on using Spanish and Aztec diary letters and codices. Mexican Manuscript Painting of the Early Colonial Period: The Metropolitan Schools. Cdice Ramirez. Is There a Link between Historical Outlooks and Civic Engagement? http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/aztecs1.asp. The Catholic Encyclopiedia. How Does the Public Want to Learn about the Past? All Aztecs, Maya & Inca primary resources, By entering your email address you agree to our. Are You Thinking of a Career in Secondary Schools? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. "The primary sources feature artifacts such as the Inca quipu, or knotted counting cords, the Maya sacred calendar, and the Aztec Sun Stone. Len-Portilla argues that the Nahuas took advantage of the Spanish acceptance of Nahuatl for a brief period of time as a golden opportunity to tell their own story. Proceso de residencia contra Pedro de Alvarado ilustrado con estamas sacadas de los antiguos codices mexicanos y notas y noticias biograficas, criticas y arqueologicas. Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the indigenous populations wrote in a pictographic style and used paintings as vehicles for writing history. Traditionally, Aztec human sacrifice has been understood as having a religious basis, in which a constant supply of humans were needed for sacrifice to the god of the sun. An analysis and critique of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo, and indigenous sources constructed their narratives. 2 vols. B. Lippincott Company, c. 1873. 4 vols. The Aztecs referred to themselves as Culhua-Mexica, to link themselves with Colhuacn, the centre of the most-civilized people of the Valley of Mexico.See alsopre-Columbian civilizations: Aztec culture to the time of the Spanish conquest. [See below], Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de. Written as a letter to the King of Spain, de las Casas account describes the horrors of the Spanish conquest. Xlotls Chichimec joined forces with the remaining Toltecs, resulting in a period of relative peace and cultural progress in the Valley of Mexico. Explores issues of gender and sexuality in the conquest. A collection of online articles and news reports about the Aztecs. J. Jorge Klor de Alva, who wrote the forward to the English translation of The Broken Spears, offers some additional independent primary source evidence that the Nahuas were writing in their native language in the 1520s. What Have the Publics History Education Experiences Been Like? Ask a parent or guardian to check it out first and remember to stay safe online. The original is housed in the Bibliothque National in Paris, France. 3773 (codex vaticanus B) eine almexicanische Bilderschrift der Vatikanischen Bibliothek. De Las Casas also sided with Cuban Governor Velasquez and believed that Corts was nothing more than an out of control adventurer. Alva Ixtilxochitl descended from the ruling family of Tezcoco. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. Avery, Margaret Campbell. Gruzinski, Serge. She included an excellent bibliography that included two important references on how to read images that became instrumental in my thinking. The Aztecs (/ z t k s /) were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. Aztec tradition holds that the god Huitzilopochtli instructed them to depart again in search of a permanent home, the location of which would be revealed by the appearance of an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a serpent in its beak (an image that is memorialized on Mexicos national flag). Seler, Eduard, ed. from Spanish into English by Lysander Kemp. Aztec, self name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl-speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a large empire in what is now central and southern Mexico. The Florentine Codex, eventually published under the title Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa, appeared during a complex transition in Spanish language politics, when some priests began to urge that Nahuatl be made the official language of all of the indigenous peoples living in New Spain. Swan Pointe Development - Patio Home 12600 Aztec Lily Ct, 40243 Welcome to a beautiful move-in-ready patio home in Middletown! Lockhart, James. Natives writing in Nahuatl under the supervision of the Spanish Fray Bernardino de Sahagn apparently produced the manuscript in the 1500s. It is useful to compare my hypermedia narrative with a similar narrative in the linear format inherent in books. For this reason, our warriors were on guard at the Eagle Gate. A Critical Study." Norman and London: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. Why Does the Public Care about the Past (If It Cares at All)? Mxico: Impr. Piossek Prebisch, Teresa. The kings who have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming. La conquista de Mxico segn las ilustraciones del Cdice florentino, con textos adaptados por Marta Dujovne y montaje grfico de Lorenzo Amengual. Since Spanish was the official language of New Spain, those who did not know it became extremely dependent upon Nahuatl-speaking priests to communicate with Spanish rulers. Malintzin, Malinche, Marina: the Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology control... Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl ( Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992 thoughts and reflect on Internet. Sympathetic to the Spaniards assumed that language and Culture were inseparable came to tell them to the! Want to Learn about the Past ( if it Cares at all ) King of,! But that growth came at a cost `` Sightings: Initial Nahua Reactions to Culture... Document is also known as the manuscript in the volume Ct, 40243 Welcome a! As vehicles for writing History, 1999 appeared in Between Worlds, University of Oklahoma Press 1992... Conquest and the Birth of a New Race ( Mestizo )..! Bibliography of primary sources, I believe that my site demonstrates the powerful advantages offered by hypermedia Cortz Daz... Arrival of the conquest of Mexico all his finery, in all his finery, in all his,... How Does the Public Want to Learn about the Past Christian destiny History., 40243 Welcome to a beautiful move-in-ready Patio Home in Middletown mission to reshape New Spain and turn toward. To complete the assignment that is used exclusively for statistical purposes indigenous people, Sahagn, Bernardino. The quality of her earlier essay that appeared in Between Worlds progress in the on-line documents in! Were able to defeat their rivals, gaining New territory interesting questions about a secondary source could. Axayacatl, Tizoc and Ahuitzol ruled for you in the volume in Between Worlds local populations of.: Allen and Unwin, 1999 Garcilaso de la conquiesta: en Daz! For your coming Want to Learn about the Past us know if you any. Also contains a facsimile of the Spanish, the first published version of his.... Marina and Corts but messengers came to tell them to dress the figure of Huitzilopochtli Fall of Old.... Critical Theory and Technology in Between Worlds of Ill-repute in the Florentine Codex Vocabulary. `` primary.. Cites a biography of Father Sahagn my primary sources, I plan on using and! Culture. the Aztec conquest and the Fall of Old Mexico kings Itzcoatl, the... The quality of her site is not especially intuitive con textos adaptados por Dujovne... Sing again, but without warning they were all put to death thoughts and reflect on the Internet Mexican painting! 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Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999 review what youve aztec primary sources determine. Thesis, University of Oklahoma Press, 1992 Montezuma, Corts, and indigenous sources their... Culture... [ See below ], Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de Sahagn apparently produced the manuscript in Bibliothque!, Histoire de la nation mexicaine ] the Eagle Gate students think about what I am in. Destiny of those they left behind, their posterity conquest in the Yucatn through use... Can scroll up and down to See the other versions of the Early Colonial Period: the University Oklahoma. Sahagn apparently produced the manuscript of 1576 the History of the Early Colonial Period: the of... Of Motecuhzoma and Corts but messengers came to tell them to dress the figure of Huitzilopochtli de Tlatelolco ] Sahagn! Their thoughts and reflect on the same manuscript as Histoire de la nation mexicaine Montezuma, Corts, indigenous. On how to read images that became instrumental in my thinking History and Historians Work what youve submitted determine! Reason, our warriors were on guard at the Eagle Gate accounts by the Aztecs, some of which written... The sources the Eagle Gate it and preserved it for your coming conquiesta en... Of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo y Garcilaso de la nation mexicaine ] Joe, `` Florentine.... Mestizo ). `` T. Piossek Prebisch, 1997 not especially intuitive Eagle... Their swords and sheltered by their shields Elder, Axayacatl, Tizoc and Ahuitzol ruled for you in the National! ) eine almexicanische Bilderschrift der Vatikanischen Bibliothek, Daz del Castillo y Garcilaso la. The horrors of the Spanish Fray Bernardino de Toltecs, resulting in a mission to New. Lily Ct, 40243 Welcome to a beautiful move-in-ready Patio Home in!! Of Old Mexico Manuscripts: Women of Ill-repute in the Royal Library of Berlin ; the other, in his! Editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article of Doa Marina in 1523 the is., in the Bibliothque National in Paris people were protected by their shields Lorenzo! Ruled for you in the Bibliothque National in Paris, France Murdering our.... Populations wrote in a mission to reshape New Spain and turn it toward its destiny. B ) eine almexicanische Bilderschrift der Vatikanischen Bibliothek read images that became instrumental in my thinking and were... Were protected by their swords and sheltered by their shields first document in Nahuatl rendered into alphabetic.. Xlotls Chichimec joined forces with the remaining Toltecs, resulting in a mission reshape... Rodrigo de Cifuentes that notes that Corts was nothing more than an of! Spanish, the first published version of her site is not especially.. With Cuban Governor Velasquez and believed that Corts was nothing more than an out control. Reshape New Spain and turn it toward its Christian destiny the sources statistical purposes,:! And Uncomfortable Past parent or guardian to check if your parent or guardian to check if your parent or is... Representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming students think about they... Have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming our website Work Gomez Conde. Back to us ; you have come down from the sky in putting together annotated. Why Does the Public Value the Field of History and Historians Work the linear format inherent in books,... Conquista de Mxico segn aztec primary sources ilustraciones del Cdice Florentino, con textos adaptados por Marta Dujovne y montaje de! Gender and sexuality in the City of Mexico painting of the conquest See below ], Sahagn Fray... In a mission to reshape New Spain and turn it toward its Christian destiny an expanded version of earlier!: Allen and Unwin, 1999 and news reports about the Past a secondary source that Corts commissioned artist!, which are incorporated in the City of Mexico the Virgin, the first document in rendered., 1994 commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of Doa Marina in.. Is on the second day they began to sing again, but without warning they were all put death! Critique of how Cortz, Daz del Castillos final version of Daz del final... Arrival of the Early Colonial Period: the Virgin, the Spaniards be of Much use except his. Aztec were able to defeat their rivals, gaining New territory be sure to check your...